Methods for measuring the amplitude-frequency characteristics of active antennas
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- Abstract
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The article presents a comprehensive analysis of methods for measuring the amplitude-frequency characteristics (AFC) of active antennas, which are essential components in modern radio systems, including satellite navigation (GNSS). Emphasis is placed on the diagnostic significance of AFC for determining the operational frequency bands, functional classification and potential capabilities of unknown or adversarial antennas in technical exploitation contexts, such as those guided by NATO standards. A critical problem addressed is the distortion of AFC measurements in active antennas due to the absence of DC power supply for internal low-noise amplifiers, which leads to misleading broadband results. To overcome this, the article proposes a method using custom-designed power injectors (Bias-T circuits) that enable simultaneous RF signal transmission and power delivery to the antenna. The developed measurement setup is validated through experiments on reference and unknown GNSS antennas, showing the necessity of power injection for accurate AFC retrieval. Additionally, the study explores improvements for multi-element antenna arrays using multi-port vector network analyzers and introduces a multitone signal excitation method to accelerate and refine AFC analysis. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated experimentally, with applications in both technical intelligence and active antenna design optimization.
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- References
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NATO AIntP-10 Ed. A. Version 1. Technical Exploitation. NSO. September 2015. 64 p.
Слюсар В.І., Сотник В.В., Чепков І.Б. Методологія досліджень систем озброєння: теоретичні та практичні аспекти. Озброєння та військова техніка. 2024. № 3(43). C. 3—8.
Holovin, O.O. & Palii, V.L. (2025). Organizational aspects of the technical intelligence system of weapons and military technologies in NATO countries. Weapons and Military Equipment. № 1(45). Pp. 29—28.
S. Bhatia & M. V. Deepak Nair. (2019). Frequency Reconfigurable Elliptically Polarized Slotted Diagonally Trimmed Patch Antenna. 2019 TEQIP III Sponsored Intern. Conf. on Microwave Integrated Circuits, Photonics and Wireless Networks (IMICPW). Tiruchirappalli. India. Pp. 140—143. https://doi.org/10.1109/IMICPW.2019.8933199. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/IMICPW.2019.8933199
Слюсар В.І. Спосіб виміру амплітудно-частотних характеристик. Пат. рф № 2054684, G01R23/16. 1992. Опубл. 20.02.96. Бюл. № 5.
Слюсар В.И. Коррекция характеристик приёмных каналов цифровой антенной решетки по контрольному источнику в ближней зоне. Изв. высших уч. завед. Радиоэлектроника. 2003. Т. 46. № 1. C. 44—52. https://doi.org/10.20535/S0021347003010060. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20535/S0021347003010060
Слюсар В.И., Солощев O.Н., Титов И.В. Метод коррекции квадратурного разбаланса приёмных каналов цифровой антенной решетки. Изв. высш. уч. зав. Радиоэлектроника. 2004. Т. 47. № 2. C. 42—50. [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу: radio.kpi.ua/article/view/S0021347004020062. https://doi.org/10.20535/S0021347004020062. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20535/S0021347004020062
Слюсар В.І., Корольов М.О., Цибульов Р.А. Спосіб корекції міжканальних і квадратурних неідентичностей приймальних каналів цифрової антенної решітки. Пат. України на корисну модель № 66902 МПК (2011.01), G01S 7/36 (2006.01), H03D 13/00. Заявка на видачу патенту України на корисну модель № u201107655 від 17.06.2011. Опубл. 25.01.2012. Бюл. № 2.
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- 2025-09-30
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Copyright (c) 2026 Вадим Слюсар,Захар Шелемін
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